Introduktion
Passiv bruges, når fokus er på handlingen eller resultatet (focus is on the action or result) snarere end på, hvem der udfører handlingen. Grundleddet i en passiv sætning modtager handlingen i stedet for at udføre den.
AktivSubject (grundled)+verbum+genstandsled
PassivSubject (grundled – var genstandsled i den aktive sætning)+be+kort tillægsform+(by+agens)
- Active: The chef cooked the meal.
- Passive: The meal was cooked (by the chef).
- Active: Someone stole my wallet.
- Passive: My wallet was stolen.
Passiv i forskellige tider
Passiv kan dannes i næsten alle tider ved at ændre formen af be og beholde den korte tillægsform.
| Tid | Passiv form | Eksempel |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | is/are + perfektum participium | The report is written every week. |
| Past Simple | was/were + perfektum participium | The letter was sent yesterday. |
| Present Perfect | has/have been + past participle | The work has been completed. |
| Past Perfect | had been + perfektum participium | The film had been released earlier. |
| Future Simple | will be + perfektum participium | The results will be announced soon. |
| Present Continuous | is/are being + perfektum participium | The road is being repaired. |
Hvornår man bruger passiv
Passiv foretrækkes i bestemte situationer, hvor agens (den handlende) er ukendt, indlysende eller uvigtig.
| Situation | Eksempel |
|---|---|
| Agent ukendt | My car was broken into last night. |
| Agent indlysende | The criminal was arrested. (selvfølgelig af politiet) |
| Agent uvigtig | The building was completed in 2010. |
| Formelle/akademiske tekster | The experiment was conducted three times. |
| Nyheder / meddelelser | Three people have been injured. |
- My phone got stolen on the train.
- Lena got promoted last month.
- Be careful, or you will get caught.
Passiv med by + agens
Hvis du vil nævne, hvem der udførte handlingen i en passiv sætning, så brug by + agens. Det er valgfrit og kommer kun med, når agens er vigtig eller overraskende.
...+was/were+kort tillægsform+by+agens
- The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
- The new law was proposed by the prime minister.
- I was surprised by his reaction.
Øvelser
Active: The chef cooked the meal. Passive:
The report ___ every week. (simpel nutid i passiv)
Which situation is a good reason to use the passive voice?
The Mona Lisa ___ by Leonardo da Vinci.
The letter ___ yesterday.
The work ___ completed. (førnutid i passiv)
The road ___ repaired at the moment, so use the other route.
Active: Someone stole my wallet. Passive:
The criminal ___ arrested yesterday.
'The window was broken.' Why is 'by' + agent omitted?
The new law ___ by the prime minister.
The results ___ announced soon. (simpel fremtid i passiv)
Which situation is better suited to ACTIVE voice rather than passive?
Three people ___ injured in the crash and remain in hospital tonight.
Active: The chef cooked the meal. What is 'the meal' in the passive version?
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